TypeScript là một ngôn ngữ lập trình mã nguồn mở do Microsoft phát triển, được xem như một phần mở rộng của JavaScript. Nó bổ sung kiểm tra kiểu tĩnh (static typing), giúp phát hiện lỗi trong quá trình biên dịch thay vì đợi đến khi chạy mã. TypeScript được thiết kế để giúp JavaScript trở nên dễ bảo trì, dễ đọc và dễ mở rộng hơn.
Để cài đặt TypeScript, bạn cần cài node trước, sau đó chạy lệnh:
// Cài global cho máy
npm install -g typescript
// Cài theo project
npm install -D typescript
// Kiểm tra version
tsc -v
// Config typescript
tsc --init
Cấu hình typescript trong file tsconfig.json
{
"compilerOptions": {
/* Visit https://aka.ms/tsconfig to read more about this file */
/* Projects */
// "incremental": true, /* Save .tsbuildinfo files to allow for incremental compilation of projects. */
// "composite": true, /* Enable constraints that allow a TypeScript project to be used with project references. */
// "tsBuildInfoFile": "./.tsbuildinfo", /* Specify the path to .tsbuildinfo incremental compilation file. */
// "disableSourceOfProjectReferenceRedirect": true, /* Disable preferring source files instead of declaration files when referencing composite projects. */
// "disableSolutionSearching": true, /* Opt a project out of multi-project reference checking when editing. */
// "disableReferencedProjectLoad": true, /* Reduce the number of projects loaded automatically by TypeScript. */
/* Language and Environment */
"target": "es2016", /* Set the JavaScript language version for emitted JavaScript and include compatible library declarations. */
// "lib": [], /* Specify a set of bundled library declaration files that describe the target runtime environment. */
// "jsx": "preserve", /* Specify what JSX code is generated. */
// "libReplacement": true, /* Enable lib replacement. */
// "experimentalDecorators": true, /* Enable experimental support for legacy experimental decorators. */
// "emitDecoratorMetadata": true, /* Emit design-type metadata for decorated declarations in source files. */
// "jsxFactory": "", /* Specify the JSX factory function used when targeting React JSX emit, e.g. 'React.createElement' or 'h'. */
// "jsxFragmentFactory": "", /* Specify the JSX Fragment reference used for fragments when targeting React JSX emit e.g. 'React.Fragment' or 'Fragment'. */
// "jsxImportSource": "", /* Specify module specifier used to import the JSX factory functions when using 'jsx: react-jsx*'. */
// "reactNamespace": "", /* Specify the object invoked for 'createElement'. This only applies when targeting 'react' JSX emit. */
// "noLib": true, /* Disable including any library files, including the default lib.d.ts. */
// "useDefineForClassFields": true, /* Emit ECMAScript-standard-compliant class fields. */
// "moduleDetection": "auto", /* Control what method is used to detect module-format JS files. */
/* Modules */
"module": "NodeNext", /* Specify what module code is generated. */
// "rootDir": "./", /* Specify the root folder within your source files. */
// "moduleResolution": "node10", /* Specify how TypeScript looks up a file from a given module specifier. */
// "baseUrl": "./", /* Specify the base directory to resolve non-relative module names. */
// "paths": {}, /* Specify a set of entries that re-map imports to additional lookup locations. */
// "rootDirs": [], /* Allow multiple folders to be treated as one when resolving modules. */
// "typeRoots": [], /* Specify multiple folders that act like './node_modules/@types'. */
"types": ["jest"], /* Specify type package names to be included without being referenced in a source file. */
// "allowUmdGlobalAccess": true, /* Allow accessing UMD globals from modules. */
// "moduleSuffixes": [], /* List of file name suffixes to search when resolving a module. */
// "allowImportingTsExtensions": true, /* Allow imports to include TypeScript file extensions. Requires '--moduleResolution bundler' and either '--noEmit' or '--emitDeclarationOnly' to be set. */
// "rewriteRelativeImportExtensions": true, /* Rewrite '.ts', '.tsx', '.mts', and '.cts' file extensions in relative import paths to their JavaScript equivalent in output files. */
// "resolvePackageJsonExports": true, /* Use the package.json 'exports' field when resolving package imports. */
// "resolvePackageJsonImports": true, /* Use the package.json 'imports' field when resolving imports. */
// "customConditions": [], /* Conditions to set in addition to the resolver-specific defaults when resolving imports. */
// "noUncheckedSideEffectImports": true, /* Check side effect imports. */
// "resolveJsonModule": true, /* Enable importing .json files. */
// "allowArbitraryExtensions": true, /* Enable importing files with any extension, provided a declaration file is present. */
// "noResolve": true, /* Disallow 'import's, 'require's or ''s from expanding the number of files TypeScript should add to a project. */
/* JavaScript Support */
"allowJs": true, /* Allow JavaScript files to be a part of your program. Use the 'checkJS' option to get errors from these files. */
"checkJs": true, /* Enable error reporting in type-checked JavaScript files. */
// "maxNodeModuleJsDepth": 1, /* Specify the maximum folder depth used for checking JavaScript files from 'node_modules'. Only applicable with 'allowJs'. */
/* Emit */
// "declaration": true, /* Generate .d.ts files from TypeScript and JavaScript files in your project. */
// "declarationMap": true, /* Create sourcemaps for d.ts files. */
// "emitDeclarationOnly": true, /* Only output d.ts files and not JavaScript files. */
// "sourceMap": true, /* Create source map files for emitted JavaScript files. */
// "inlineSourceMap": true, /* Include sourcemap files inside the emitted JavaScript. */
// "noEmit": true, /* Disable emitting files from a compilation. */
// "outFile": "./", /* Specify a file that bundles all outputs into one JavaScript file. If 'declaration' is true, also designates a file that bundles all .d.ts output. */
"outDir": "./dist", /* Specify an output folder for all emitted files. */
// "removeComments": true, /* Disable emitting comments. */
// "importHelpers": true, /* Allow importing helper functions from tslib once per project, instead of including them per-file. */
// "downlevelIteration": true, /* Emit more compliant, but verbose and less performant JavaScript for iteration. */
// "sourceRoot": "", /* Specify the root path for debuggers to find the reference source code. */
// "mapRoot": "", /* Specify the location where debugger should locate map files instead of generated locations. */
// "inlineSources": true, /* Include source code in the sourcemaps inside the emitted JavaScript. */
// "emitBOM": true, /* Emit a UTF-8 Byte Order Mark (BOM) in the beginning of output files. */
// "newLine": "crlf", /* Set the newline character for emitting files. */
// "stripInternal": true, /* Disable emitting declarations that have '@internal' in their JSDoc comments. */
// "noEmitHelpers": true, /* Disable generating custom helper functions like '__extends' in compiled output. */
"noEmitOnError": true, /* Disable emitting files if any type checking errors are reported. */
// "preserveConstEnums": true, /* Disable erasing 'const enum' declarations in generated code. */
// "declarationDir": "./", /* Specify the output directory for generated declaration files. */
/* Interop Constraints */
// "isolatedModules": true, /* Ensure that each file can be safely transpiled without relying on other imports. */
// "verbatimModuleSyntax": true, /* Do not transform or elide any imports or exports not marked as type-only, ensuring they are written in the output file's format based on the 'module' setting. */
// "isolatedDeclarations": true, /* Require sufficient annotation on exports so other tools can trivially generate declaration files. */
// "erasableSyntaxOnly": true, /* Do not allow runtime constructs that are not part of ECMAScript. */
// "allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true, /* Allow 'import x from y' when a module doesn't have a default export. */
"esModuleInterop": true, /* Emit additional JavaScript to ease support for importing CommonJS modules. This enables 'allowSyntheticDefaultImports' for type compatibility. */
// "preserveSymlinks": true, /* Disable resolving symlinks to their realpath. This correlates to the same flag in node. */
"forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true, /* Ensure that casing is correct in imports. */
/* Type Checking */
"strict": true, /* Enable all strict type-checking options. */
"noImplicitAny": true, /* Enable error reporting for expressions and declarations with an implied 'any' type. */
"strictNullChecks": true, /* When type checking, take into account 'null' and 'undefined'. */
"strictFunctionTypes": true, /* When assigning functions, check to ensure parameters and the return values are subtype-compatible. */
"strictBindCallApply": true, /* Check that the arguments for 'bind', 'call', and 'apply' methods match the original function. */
"strictPropertyInitialization": true, /* Check for class properties that are declared but not set in the constructor. */
// "strictBuiltinIteratorReturn": true, /* Built-in iterators are instantiated with a 'TReturn' type of 'undefined' instead of 'any'. */
"noImplicitThis": true, /* Enable error reporting when 'this' is given the type 'any'. */
// "useUnknownInCatchVariables": true, /* Default catch clause variables as 'unknown' instead of 'any'. */
"alwaysStrict": true, /* Ensure 'use strict' is always emitted. */
// "noUnusedLocals": true, /* Enable error reporting when local variables aren't read. */
// "noUnusedParameters": true, /* Raise an error when a function parameter isn't read. */
// "exactOptionalPropertyTypes": true, /* Interpret optional property types as written, rather than adding 'undefined'. */
// "noImplicitReturns": true, /* Enable error reporting for codepaths that do not explicitly return in a function. */
// "noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true, /* Enable error reporting for fallthrough cases in switch statements. */
// "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true, /* Add 'undefined' to a type when accessed using an index. */
// "noImplicitOverride": true, /* Ensure overriding members in derived classes are marked with an override modifier. */
// "noPropertyAccessFromIndexSignature": true, /* Enforces using indexed accessors for keys declared using an indexed type. */
// "allowUnusedLabels": true, /* Disable error reporting for unused labels. */
// "allowUnreachableCode": true, /* Disable error reporting for unreachable code. */
/* Completeness */
// "skipDefaultLibCheck": true, /* Skip type checking .d.ts files that are included with TypeScript. */
"skipLibCheck": true /* Skip type checking all .d.ts files. */
}
}
Viết một chương trình đầu tiên trong file index.ts
let message: string = "Hello, TypeScript!";
console.log(message);
Để chạy được chương trình này chúng ta cần phải compile typescript ra js
// Biên dịch typescripte to js
tsc index.ts
khi chạy xong lệnh trên một file index.js sẽ được tạo ra, dùng node để chạy chương trình này
node index.js
// Output
Hello, TypeScript!
Nếu muốn chạy trực tiếp file .ts
thì cần cài package ts-node
, package này tương thích với node 18
npm install -D ts-node tslib @types/node
Sau khi cài package xong là có thể chạy chương trình với file .ts
ts-node index.ts
// Output
Hello, TypeScript!
Khai báo kiểu dữ liệu cho biến
let age: number = 30;
let username: string = "John Doe";
let isDeveloper: boolean = true;
Nếu gán giá trị cho biến sai kiểu dữ liệu typescript sẽ báo lỗi.
Định nghĩa cấu trúc của 1 đối tượng
interface User {
id: number;
name: string;
email?: string;
}
const user: User = { id: 1, name: "Alice" };
Giúp viết code linh hoạt hơn mà vẫn giữ được tính an toàn về kiểu dữ liệu:
function identity(value: T): T {
return value;
}
console.log(identity("Hello"));
console.log(identity(42));
Cho phép định nghĩa dữ liệu kiểu enum
enum Status {
Pending,
InProgress,
Completed
}
let taskStatus: Status = Status.InProgress;
⚠ Không lạm dụng kiểu any, vì nó sẽ làm mất đi lợi ích của TypeScript.
⚠ Bật chế độ strict trong tsconfig.json để tăng cường kiểm tra kiểu dữ liệu.
⚠ Sử dụng Interface thay vì Type (khi có thể) để giúp code linh hoạt hơn.
TypeScript là một công cụ mạnh mẽ giúp nâng cao chất lượng mã JavaScript, đặc biệt phù hợp với dự án lớn. Nếu bạn muốn viết code dễ bảo trì, ít lỗi và có hỗ trợ từ IDE tốt hơn, hãy bắt đầu học TypeScript ngay hôm nay!
https://www.typescriptlang.org/
https://typestrong.org/ts-node/
https://github.com/nguyenhuu1404/typescript
https://typescript.tv/
https://typescript.tv/hands-on/fixing-typeerror-err_unknown_file_extension-with-ts-node/